Facts and Figures About Pikaia

During the Cambrian period, over 500 million years ago, an evolutionary explosion took place, but most of the new life forms were strange-looking invertebrates  (mostly weirdly legged and antennaed crustaceans like Anomalocaris and Wiwaxia)  rather than creatures with spinal cords. One of the crucial exceptions was the slender, lancelet-like Pikaia, visually the least impressive of the three early fishlike creatures that have been found preserved from this span in the geologic record (the other two are the equally important Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia, discovered in eastern Asia). Not Quite a Fish Its stretching things a bit to describe Pikaia as a prehistoric fish; rather, this inoffensive, two-inch-long, translucent creature may have been the first true chordate: an animal with a notochord nerve running down the length of its back, rather than a protective backbone, which was a later evolutionary development. But Pikaia did possess the basic body plan that stamped itself on the next 500 million years of vertebrate evolution: a head distinct from its tail, bilateral symmetry (i.e., the left side of its body matched up with the right side), and two forward-facing eyes, among other features. Chordate Versus Invertebrate However, not everyone agrees that Pikaia was a chordate rather than an invertebrate; theres evidence that this creature had two tentacles jutting out from its head, and some of its other characteristics (such as tiny feet that may have been gill appendages) fit awkwardly in the vertebrate family tree. However you interpret these anatomical features, though, its still likely that Pikaia lay very near the root of vertebrate evolution; if it wasnt the great-great (multiply by a trillion) grandmother of modern humans, it was certainly related somehow, albeit distantly. You may be surprised to learn that some fish alive today can be considered every bit as primitive as Pikaia, an object lesson in how evolution is not a strictly linear process. For example, the tiny, narrow lancelet Branchiostoma is technically a chordate, rather than a vertebrate, and clearly hasnt advanced very far from its Cambrian predecessors. The explanation for this is that, over the billions of years that life has existed on earth, only a tiny percentage of any given species population has actually been given the opportunity to evolve; thats the reason the world is still chock-full of bacteria, fish, and small, furry mammals.

The Reform Movement Of Rural Canada During The Nineteenth...

The search for reform in rural Canada during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries reveals a deep connection between educational movements and social reform. The readings for the first three weeks of this course have provided an overview of how social reformers during this period were keen to promote an â€Å"urban and modern orientation† to direct social reform movements in rural Canada. Often, this perspective came into conflict with the needs of the rural society at the time. Therefore, the widespread discontent within the rural society was illustrated through the various efforts of social reform in Canada during the 1860s-1960s. The first set of readings of this course outline the ways in which the hopes of the social reformers were to promote reform based on an â€Å"urban and modern orientation† through movements in agriculture, social welfare, and education. In doing so, the social reformers encouraged three kinds of developments: i) the promotion of an â€Å"urban orientation† through the reform of â€Å"agricultural education,† ii) the promotion reform through social legislation, and finally iii) the promotion of reform in rural education to â€Å"progressive systems of education.† Although the reformers saw the promotion of progressivism as a solution to the various problems within the rural society, the widespread discontent from the rural society depicted the ways in which the needs of the urbanites and the rural society came into conflict. I will explore the ways in which theShow MoreRelatedPrince Edward Islands’ history is a crucial aspect in Canada’s past. The work of historians has3000 Words   |  12 Pageshistory is difficult to classify before its entrance into Canada, due to its isolated geography and heavy British influence. The most notable representations of PEI and the problem of absentee landlordism in the eighteenth century is characterized by the works of some of the most notable academics in the field: ----------. Three Centuries and the Island: A Historical Geography of Settlement and Agriculture in Prince Edward Island, Canada, written by Andrew Hill Clark in 1959. Clark wrote on theRead MoreRevolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–185010951 Words   |  44 PagesCHAPTER 21 Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750–1850 I. Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis A. Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises 1. Rivalry among the European powers intensified in the early 1600s as the Dutch Attacked Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas and in Asia. In the 1600s and 1700s the British then checked Dutch commercial and colonial ambitions and went on to defeat France in the Seven Years War (1756–1763)Read MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay2378 Words   |  10 Pages The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. Englands head start may be attributed to the emergence of a number of simultaneous factors. Britain had burned up herRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreSocial Reforms and Movement During 19th Century in India6013 Words   |  25 PagesYOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT 6. RAMA KRISHNA MOVEMENT 7. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Socio-Religious Reform Movements in India were part of eighteenth century and twentieth-century India. During this time, on one side, India was suffering from stagnating traditional culture and society at very low ebb; while on the other hand, India possessed a still traditional society in the throes and the creative excitement of modernising and of emerging as a new nation. The nineteenth century initiated thisRead MoreSocial Reforms and Movement During 19th Century in India6024 Words   |  25 Pages5. YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT 6. RAMA KRISHNA MOVEMENT 7. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Socio-Religious Reform Movements in India were part of eighteenth century and twentieth-century India. During this time, on one side, India was suffering from stagnating traditional culture and society at very low ebb; while on the other hand, India possessed a still traditional society in the throes and the creative excitement of modernising and of emerging as a new nation. The nineteenth century initiated thisRead MoreEssay special education11975 Words   |  48 Pageshave consistently documented the most severe disabilities - those that transcend task and setting. Itards description of the wild boy of Aveyron documents a variety of behaviors consistent with both mental retardation and behavioral disorders. Nineteenth-century reports of deviant behavior describe conditions that could easily be interpreted as severe mental retardation, autism, or schizophrenia. Milder forms of disability became apparent only after the advent of universal public education. When literacyRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Class in Britain9826 Words   |  40 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION Beyond Class--Forward to Class? The rise and fall of class in Britain is both an allusive and ironic phrase, totally correct yet also at least half mistaken. It is allusive (and correct) because, during the last twenty years or so, the once-fashionable and widely accepted view that class structure and class analysis provide the key to understanding modern British history and modern British life has been disregarded by many historians and abandoned by almost all politicians. YetRead MoreThe Interacting Mechanisms of a Globalized World2367 Words   |  9 Pageswould come in with few skills and be exploited for cheap labor in factories with terrible working conditions. Eventually, many of these immigrants and their children started to speak out about these injustices and forced reform. This ushered in a progressive wave of pro-worker reforms like child-labor laws, and minimum wage. This era did not last long, due to globalization and the ability to find cheap, exploitable labor outside of the United States. This move away from progressivism ushered in theRead MoreMidterm Review Essay9272 Words   |  38 PagesChapter 16 1.) All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT: Question options: | a) | availability of capital for investment. | | b) | a growing supply of labor. | | c) | abundant natural resources. | | d) | low tariffs. | | e) | federal land grants to railroads. | | | 1 / 1 point | 2.) By 1890, the majority of Americans: Question options: | a) | worked as farmers. | | b) | worked as independent craftsmen

Child Rearing Practice Among Filipino Family free essay sample

Infant and childhood behavior and development are affected by parental expectations, caretaking, and childrearing practices. The different persons the young child is exposed to during the developmental process, and the various stimuli presented to it exert a tremendous effect on its outcome. There are no universally-set uniform rules on childrearing. Different nationalities have varied perspectives on what are considered positive and negative behavior traits in the children as well.Some culture traits are valued differently, as can be seen in the importance of punctuality among the Japanese, and hospitality among Filipinos, hence, the emphasis given to these values, when bringing up the children from different country. Because of the growing changes of modernization and technology, childrearing practices have undergone much change over time, so that traditional patterns are now giving way to more liberal and less restrictive attitudes. I, myself can testify that child rearing from family to family may vary depends on how their parents have been raised as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Rearing Practice Among Filipino Family or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It’d be passed on to generations to the next. I was raised with both Filipino parents inheritance but with of Japanese culture in the package. It wasn’t as complicated as it may to grow in learning both culture and the adjustment and confusion may come into play. Other families may have different from mine, there were a lot of things I can’t do that their children can or places they are allowed to go to without difficulty in asking their parent permission. My grandparents are the ones who let us practice the other side of the culture from what reality is presented to us.They are very strict and discipline is essential. The traits and values regardless from what culture, is highly observed in the house. The girls should be well-groomed and must learn the household chores as a preparation to be well developed ladies, as my grandparents will say. The boys must abide the rules of my grandfather in making it to college and get a degree with a decent job to support their future family. Curfew is observed as well with the siblings and it is necessary to eat our meals together.Typical Filipino family may have these traits with much more or less depends on the factors it may adhere. I grew up with my Mother playing both roles as parents and for some reason she has to abandon us for a better living and support us more efficiently. Children with guidance from the grandparents may be a factor as well with the child development. Social support, economic income, marriage stability, beliefs, culture, security; such factors have to entwined with both parenting and childrearing.Father’s are considered the ultimate provider and/or most powerful authority and the Mother’s are the caretakers. In the process of childrearing, the family prepares each member for his role in the community and in the society by transmitting proper values to the child. Values refer to the standards of evaluation that people use to view objects, ideas or actions as desirable or undesirable, right or wrong, appropriate or inappropriate. Among the important values are ; respect and obedience for lders; modesty and proper behavior, responsibility such as helping parents or siblings; friendliness; human concern and interaction with others or pakikisama; reciprocal feeling of obligation between two persons. Other Filipino values that are not as desirable are dependency, often carried into adulthood; shyness or hiya, a feeling of low self-esteem; and colonial mentality, the Filipino attitude of having a preference for foreign things and ideas or consumer goods. To enforce the teaching or transmission of these values to the small child, authoritarianism was the rule.Physical punishment in different forms, from scolding or tongue-lashing, threatening, spanking, pinching, ear pulling, and sometime, whipping were resorted to. There are however contrasting c hildrearing practices between the traditional authoritarian parents and the younger parents of today who are more liberal, and more conscious of children’s rights. In contrast to the authoritarian upbringing which consists of prohibitions and constant admonitions for the child to stop touching, clowning, jumping or talking, climbing or running around, the more liberal parents tend to be responsive, indulgent and overprotective. They give constant attention and hardly make any demands on the children. Food, toys, and other rewards are promised to pacify the child. Among the lower-income families, children are sent on errands, or are asked to assist in house-cases of child labor or even child exploitation. In the rearing of the Filipino child, control of aggressive behavior is emphasized. Children should be able to control their anger without striking out others, especially towards their parents or elders.It is not the anger itself that is undesirable, but the manner of epressing it, as a great author claimed. Children are also encouraged to be unselfish, to share food or toys with other, and help younger siblings. Love of God and trust in the Lord are inculcated. Parents and teachers emphasize the value of prayer and keeping God’s word by obeying His commandments and their parents, especially in religious schools. As to sibling interaction, the hierarchy of authority in the family dictates obedience to older brothers and sisters.The oldest child takes the place of the parents who are absent or no longer living. The older siblings take it upon themselves to look after the younger ones, to the point of making a lot of personal sacrifices just to support them. Children were brought up fearing their parents, especially their fathers. The Filipino family of today has undergone a lot of changes brought about by the forces of modernization and urbanization. It is plagued with many economic difficulties made more difficult by over population and underemployment.Personality traits ascribed to specific nationalities are deeply related to their culture, to what they value, and to what they deem important. These traits are acquired from the first days of life. Some are transmitted biologically to the unborn by genetics; some are effects of the immediate environment which include the manner of childrearing. The manner of childrearing itself varies among families, just as the family also undergone so many changes over the past centuries.